An assignment given by a person named Hassan from England. He gets his work without paying and cheats his university.
Central Nervous System Medicines
For questions 1-8, match the descriptions in the table
with the central nervous system or mental health disorder (a-h) by writing the
correct letter into the answer column (P1 and P5)
Description
|
Answer
|
Q1)Predisposes the child to psychiatric,
educational and social problems. Some
children are inattentive, others hyperactive
|
d
|
Q2) Irreversible condition characterised by an
insidious onset and slow
deterioration of brain function
|
e
|
Q3) Symptoms can include insomnia, anxiousness,
suicidal thoughts, appetite loss, low concentration, agitation, guilt and
feelings of unworthiness, energy reduction and fatigue often leading to
self-neglect, decrease in sex drive or loss of periods in females
|
f
|
Q4) This stems
from a natural emotion which is produced by an adrenaline surge. Symptoms
include dry mouth, palpitations, breathlessness, diarrhoea, uneasiness,
panic, fear, or a feeling of impending doom
|
g
|
Q5) A disturbed sleep pattern - a problem either
falling or staying asleep
|
a
|
Q6) This
condition manifests with many different types of seizures resulting from
abnormal activity in the brain
|
b
|
Q7) When a person’s weight increases to a point that
endangers their health
|
h
|
Q8) Patients suffer from a distorted perception,
there may be disordered thinking, understanding and mood
|
c
|
|
(h) Obesity
|
|
(b) Epilepsy
|
|
(d) ADHD
|
|
(e) Alzheimer’s disease
|
|
(a) Insomnia
|
|
(g) Anxiety
|
|
(c) Schizophrenia
|
|
(f) Depression
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(i)
Inhibin
|
|
(ii)
Graafian follicle
|
|
(iii)
Oestrogen
|
|
(iv)
LH
|
|
(v)
Sertoli cells
|
|
(vi)
Progesterone
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(viii)
FSH
|
|
(ix)
GnRH
|
|
(x)
Uterus wall
|
|
(xii)
Seminiferous tubules
|
|
(xi)
Primary follicle
|
|
(xiii)
Corpus luteum
|
|
(xiv)
Testosterone
|
|
(i)
Inhibin
|
|
(ii)
Graafian follicle
|
|
(iii)
Oestrogen
|
|
(iv)
LH
|
|
(v)
Sertoli cells
|
|
(vi)
Progesterone
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(viii)
FSH
|
|
(ix)
GnRH
|
|
(x)
Uterus wall
|
|
(xii)
Seminiferous tubules
|
|
(xi)
Primary follicle
|
|
(xiii)
Corpus luteum
|
|
(xiv)
Testosterone
|
|
(i)
Inhibin
|
|
(ii)
Graafian follicle
|
|
(iii)
Oestrogen
|
|
(iv)
LH
|
|
(v)
Sertoli cells
|
|
(vi)
Progesterone
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(viii)
FSH
|
|
(ix)
GnRH
|
|
(x)
Uterus wall
|
|
(xii)
Seminiferous tubules
|
|
(xi)
Primary follicle
|
|
(xiii)
Corpus luteum
|
|
(xiv)
Testosterone
|
|
(i)
Inhibin
|
|
(ii)
Graafian follicle
|
|
(iii)
Oestrogen
|
|
(iv)
LH
|
|
(v)
Sertoli cells
|
|
(vi)
Progesterone
|
|
(vii)
hCG
|
|
(viii)
FSH
|
|
(ix)
GnRH
|
|
(x)
Uterus wall
|
|
(xii)
Seminiferous tubules
|
|
(xi)
Primary follicle
|
|
(xiii)
Corpus luteum
|
|
(xiv)
Testosterone
|
9) Describe Parkinson’s Disease and briefly outline
what changes in the brain are associated with it (P1)
Parkinson's disease is one of the brain disorders related to
age and is characterised by dementia. Changes in the brain involve cortical changes
or degeneration of the areas of basal ganglia, the substantia nigra, thalamus
and amygdale. Other areas involved include locus coeruleus and nucleus basalis
of Meynert.
10)Describe the two
different types of dependence (P5)
Physical dependency: in this type body develops a
physiological dependence on a drug owing to the fact that drug has produced
changes in the body altering its natural state.
Psychological
dependency: affects an individual mentally and emotionally.
11)What are the signs that someone may be
dependent on alcohol? (You may also include signs of misuse). (P5)
·
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms,
for example sweating, anxiety, shakes or nausea
·
Feelings of weakness, numbness, or
tingling in the limbs
·
Blackouts
·
Aggression
·
Insomnia
·
Irritability
For
each of the central nervous system (CNS) and mental healthdisorders in
questions 12-21 you will be given the name of a drug and an action. Firstly
decide whether the drug can be used for the disorder. Then decide if the action
described would help the disorder. Then make a decision on whether the action
is a correct description of how the drug is used to help the patient.
After
this, select the appropriate answer using the options below:
|
A – The drug can be used for this disorder and the
action is a correct description of how the drug works
B – The drug can be used to treat this disorder but the
action is not the correct description of how the drug works
C – The drug is NOT used for this disorder but the
action described would help to treat a patient with this disorder
D – The action is a correct description of how the drug
works, however the drug is NOT used for this disorder
|
Questions 12 and 13 are concerned
with the treatment of epilepsy(P2)
|
C
|
Action: Inhibiting
enzyme which destroys GABA. Also stimulates enzymes that
break down glutamate
|
A
|
13) Medicine:Carbamazepine
Action:Stabilises nerve cells
Questions 14 and 15 are concerned
with the treatment ofADHD(P2)
|
C
|
Action:
inhibits pancreatic lipase so fatty acids and monoglyceridesare not absorbed
into the body
|
B
|
Action: Slows down the central
nervous system
Questions 16 and 17 are concerned
with the treatment ofanxiety(P6)
|
A
|
16) Medicine: Diazepam
Action: Enhances the action of GABA
(gamma-Aminobutyric acid)
|
B
|
Action:inhibits dopamine
receptors within the central nervous system (CNS), reducing dopamine
transmission
Questions 18 and 19 are concerned
with the treatment ofschizophrenia(P6)
|
A
|
18) Medicine:Clozapine
Action:inhibits dopamine
receptors within the central nervous system (CNS), reducing dopamine
transmission
|
C
|
Action: Enahces the action of GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric
acid) and stabilises nerve cells
Questions 20 and 21 are concerned
with the treatment ofalcohol dependence(P6)
|
C
|
20) Medicine:Zaleplon
Action:stabilises the chemical
balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted
|
B
|
Action: Blocks the accumalation of glutamate which
causes the craving for alcohol
The table below lists some of the drugs from questions 12-21. Use your course notes and the BNF to complete questions 22-30 by adding the side effects of each from the side-effect options (a-i). Place an ‘X’ next to any drugs that have no listed side effects (P3 and P7)
The table below lists some of the drugs from questions 12-21. Use your course notes and the BNF to complete questions 22-30 by adding the side effects of each from the side-effect options (a-i). Place an ‘X’ next to any drugs that have no listed side effects (P3 and P7)
Medicine
|
Side-effects
|
Q22)
Carbamazepine
|
i
|
Q23) Orlistat
|
f
|
Q24) Methylphenidate
|
e
|
Q25) Diazepam
|
a
|
Q26) Citalopram
|
g
|
Q27) Clozapine
|
h
|
Q28) Ondansetron
|
b
|
Q29) Zaleplon
|
d
|
Q30)
Disulfiram
|
c
|
|
(f) oily leakage from rectum, flatulence, faecal urgency
|
|
(e) abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, dry mouth,
anorexia
|
|
(d) amnesia, paraesthesia, drowsiness; dysmenorrhea
|
|
(c) initially drowsiness and fatigue; nausea, vomiting,
halitosis, reduced libido.
|
|
(b) headache, flushing, constipation
|
|
(a) drowsiness and lightheadedness the next day;
confusion and ataxia (especially in the elderly)
|
|
(i) dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, oedema, ataxia
|
|
(g) gastro-intestinal effects, anorexia with
weight loss ,hypersensitivity reactions , myalgia and photosensitivity
|
|
(h) sedation, weight gain, hyperprolactinaemia,
postural hypotension, neutropenia
|
Harold Hunter is a 78 year old
man who has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease. He is started on Sinemet®-62.5
(1 tablet, once daily).
31) Which two drugs is Harold
taking? (P2)
a) Amantadine
b) Entacapone
c) Carbidopa
d) Levodopa
Following on from your answer, how
do these drugs work and why are they taken as a combination? (P2)
Levodopa when reach the
brain is converted into dopamine, which is needed to combat Parkinson’s disease
symptoms.
Carbidopa facilitates greater amount of
peripheral levodopa to produce effect by crossing the blood–brain barrier
32) Describe three common side-effects associated with this
treatment? (P3)
Dyskinesia , Hallucinations are dry mouth are some of the common side
effects frequently noticed with Sinemet treatment.
33) Describe any recommendations
you would give to Harold concerning his medication (P4)
Since this medicine has been linked to onset of unexpected
sleep and somnolence, Harold should be careful in doing his certain activities
requiring full active mind.
34) Name three
classes of drugs used to treat depression and explain how they work (P6)
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): They work by raising the levels of serotonin in the brain.
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): They mainly affect the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain.
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): As the name implies by inhibiting an enzyme monoamine oxidase, this class of drug raise the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
35) Name one specific drug for
each class named in the previous question (P6). Then for each of these drugs, give
two side effects and two patient counselling points (P7 and P8).
1)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Citalopram
Side effects: anorexia
and myalgia
Counselling points:
1. Affects will be visible after 4-6
weeks so take it regularly and patiently
2. Do not stop it abruptly but only
when a doctor asks to do it.
2) Tricyclic antidepressants
(TCAs): Amitriptyline
Side effects: Dizziness
and Constipation
Counselling points:
1.
Must continue you the medicine
for at least 6 to 12 months in order to prevent the relapse of disease.
2.
Should come for follow up after
2 to 4 week of start of treatment
3)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Rasagiline
Side effects: postural
hypotension and headache
Counselling
points:
1.
Regarding avoidance of foods high in tyramine
2.
If patient is going to take antidepressants
that raise levels of serotonin, discontinue Rasagiline 14 days before.
0 comments:
Post a Comment